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Barrel bombs were used in Palestine and Israel during 1947-48. They were first used by militant Zionist groups in Palestine against the British. They were later used by Jews against Arabs, and also by Arabs against Jewish targets. The barrel bombs had multiple designs, including oil barrels rolled on attached truck tires, to unguided improvised bombs dropped from planes. Targets included crowds on the streets, cafes, police buildings, schools and homes. The barrel bombs were widely reported in the press and described by police as "a brand new method". ==Development of the barrel bomb and first use against British== Prior to the establishment of Israel in 1948, the region was administered by Britain according to a mandate by the League of Nations in 1922. The period was "characterized by Arab rioting and anti-Jewish violence" and in response militant Jewish organizations were formed.〔 The most prominent was Irgun who, along with other militant Zionist groups, began a strategy of challenging British authority through violence and terror in the hopes the British would leave the region.〔 "The Irgun and Lehi were the first postmodern terrorist movement", according to terrorism expert Bruce Hoffman. According to Erskine Childers, they created new tactics and weapons of terror including the ''Davidka'' mortar shell which carried 60-pounds of explosives; dynamiting entire blocks of houses; broadcasting over loudspeaker false rumors about Jewish atomic bombs; and the barrel bomb. The first〔. Database: ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Los Angeles Times (last accessed June 29, 2015). Police described it as "a brand new method".〕 barrel bomb was used on September 29, 1947 and can be traced to a design by Amichai Paglin, the Irgun's chief operations officer and bomb designer.〔 As background, in August the ''SS Exodus'', loaded with Holocaust refugees, was being detained at the port of Haifa by British authorities. When the refugees were barred from entering Palestine and the ship forced back to Europe later that month, Irgun looked for a suitable way to retaliate against the British. The northern police HQ in Haifa came to their attention, but it was surrounded by sand-filled barrels and a mesh fence of barbed-wire. Paglin set to work designing a bomb that could penetrate the fence and blow up the building. He hit on the idea of using an oil barrel.〔 Haifa was one of the great oil ports in the 1940s〔 and standard 55-gallon steel oil drums came into common usage only a few years earlier during WWII; they were first developed by the Axis powers (Germany and Italy) but were quickly adopted by Allies and widely available. Paglin's bomb design consisted of an oil barrel with tires mounted on the ends allowing it to roll.〔 It was filled with 500 pounds of explosives.〔. Database: ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Los Angeles Times (last accessed June 29, 2015)〕 The bomb was hoisted onto the top of a lorry under a canvas tarp to keep it hidden.〔 The height of the lorry was higher than the top of the fence surrounding the police station.〔 A cord inside the lorry released the barrel which sent it down a short ramp, also mounted on the lorry roof, launching it over the fence onto the police grounds.〔 Momentum carried the barrel bomb towards the police building. The bomb had an automatic "lock" that stopped the wheels spinning when it hit an obstacle such as the building, so that it would not roll backwards.〔 There up against the wall, a pre-lit fuse ran out and the bomb exploded.〔 In the attack 10 people were killed and 54 injured, of which 33 were British.〔 Four British policemen, four Arab policemen, an Arab women and 16-year old were killed.〔 The 10 story building was so heavily damaged that it was later demolished.〔 The exact details of the bomb, including photographs and diagrams, were mailed by Paglin to British authorities and newspapers a few days after the attack.〔 Irgun named the attack "Operation Hambaf", a contraction of the words Hamburg, the city where the ''SS Exodus'' returned to, and ''Afalpi'', the name of another refugee ship redirected by the British to Cyprus.〔 The press initially reported on the bomb as simply a bomb in a tar barrel,〔 but later reports dubbed it a 'Barrel Bomb' (with quotes)〔 or the "barrel bomb technique of the Jewish underground".〔 The police called it "a brand new method".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Barrel bombs were used in Palestine and Israel during 1947-48. They were first used by militant Zionist groups in Palestine against the British. They were later used by Jews against Arabs, and also by Arabs against Jewish targets. The barrel bombs had multiple designs, including oil barrels rolled on attached truck tires, to unguided improvised bombs dropped from planes. Targets included crowds on the streets, cafes, police buildings, schools and homes. The barrel bombs were widely reported in the press and described by police as "a brand new method".==Development of the barrel bomb and first use against British==Prior to the establishment of Israel in 1948, the region was administered by Britain according to a mandate by the League of Nations in 1922. The period was "characterized by Arab rioting and anti-Jewish violence" and in response militant Jewish organizations were formed. The most prominent was Irgun who, along with other militant Zionist groups, began a strategy of challenging British authority through violence and terror in the hopes the British would leave the region. "The Irgun and Lehi were the first postmodern terrorist movement", according to terrorism expert Bruce Hoffman. According to Erskine Childers, they created new tactics and weapons of terror including the ''Davidka'' mortar shell which carried 60-pounds of explosives; dynamiting entire blocks of houses; broadcasting over loudspeaker false rumors about Jewish atomic bombs; and the barrel bomb.The first. Database: ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Los Angeles Times (last accessed June 29, 2015). Police described it as "a brand new method". barrel bomb was used on September 29, 1947 and can be traced to a design by Amichai Paglin, the Irgun's chief operations officer and bomb designer. As background, in August the ''SS Exodus'', loaded with Holocaust refugees, was being detained at the port of Haifa by British authorities. When the refugees were barred from entering Palestine and the ship forced back to Europe later that month, Irgun looked for a suitable way to retaliate against the British. The northern police HQ in Haifa came to their attention, but it was surrounded by sand-filled barrels and a mesh fence of barbed-wire. Paglin set to work designing a bomb that could penetrate the fence and blow up the building. He hit on the idea of using an oil barrel. Haifa was one of the great oil ports in the 1940s and standard 55-gallon steel oil drums came into common usage only a few years earlier during WWII; they were first developed by the Axis powers (Germany and Italy) but were quickly adopted by Allies and widely available. Paglin's bomb design consisted of an oil barrel with tires mounted on the ends allowing it to roll. It was filled with 500 pounds of explosives.. Database: ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Los Angeles Times (last accessed June 29, 2015) The bomb was hoisted onto the top of a lorry under a canvas tarp to keep it hidden. The height of the lorry was higher than the top of the fence surrounding the police station. A cord inside the lorry released the barrel which sent it down a short ramp, also mounted on the lorry roof, launching it over the fence onto the police grounds. Momentum carried the barrel bomb towards the police building. The bomb had an automatic "lock" that stopped the wheels spinning when it hit an obstacle such as the building, so that it would not roll backwards. There up against the wall, a pre-lit fuse ran out and the bomb exploded. In the attack 10 people were killed and 54 injured, of which 33 were British. Four British policemen, four Arab policemen, an Arab women and 16-year old were killed. The 10 story building was so heavily damaged that it was later demolished. The exact details of the bomb, including photographs and diagrams, were mailed by Paglin to British authorities and newspapers a few days after the attack. Irgun named the attack "Operation Hambaf", a contraction of the words Hamburg, the city where the ''SS Exodus'' returned to, and ''Afalpi'', the name of another refugee ship redirected by the British to Cyprus. The press initially reported on the bomb as simply a bomb in a tar barrel, but later reports dubbed it a 'Barrel Bomb' (with quotes) or the "barrel bomb technique of the Jewish underground". The police called it "a brand new method".」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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